Generally speaking, probably with exception, children who have been diagnosed and categorized as "special needs" children have been considered, again generally speaking, exempt from mitzvot under the category of being a "shoteh".
Rav Yitzchak Zilbershtein, rav of Ramat Elchonon neighborhood of Bnei Braq, is upending that categorization with an interesting psak he issued while talking with the head of Petachya about what gives a person the status of shoteh in halacha.
Rav Zilbershtein paskened that not always is a child who was determined to be "special needs" by the kupat cholim or by the people on the street (whatever that means) also in the category of shoteh. There are special needs children who function at a higher level and have some level of understanding and wisdom. Such children, despite their limitations in some areas would not be considered a shoteh and would be obligated in commandments like anybody else.
Rav Zilbershtein said that the modern world, affected by influences from England, Romania and Hungary, are at times mistaken in their evaluation of such children. The halachic criteria for this is not a medical condition but their level of understanding and it requires a deep inspection of the child's capabilities.
Rav Zilbershtein referred to a case brought before him. A father wanted to know if his special needs 13 year old son is obligated in mitzvos. Rav Zilbershtein performed a simple examination of the child to determine that. he asked the child if he knows when the shofar is blown. The child knew it is on Rosh Hashana and talked about what else is done on Rosh Hashana. Rav Zilbershtein also asked about going to the store to buy something and getting change, and the child understood the concepts.
Rav Zilbershtein said that according to the Torah a child that understands such basic concepts is considered a mentally capable adult. Anyone making a determination based on any other criteria is the one who is misguided one, not the children..
Rav Zilbershtein says Rav Elyashiv approved this method of evaluating the child. Only Torah-based evaluations can determine the status of a child, not secular or medical criteria alone.
If someone has a question about whether his child is a shoteh or not should speak with his rav for an evaluation or with a gadol byisrael..
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